Imagine it's a hot day, and you're craving some cold lemonade. Someone offers you a glass, but with one condition: You can drink it only using your tongue, with no lips touching the glass. No straw.
You might have a problem.
But many animals — bees, butterflies, hummingbirds and bats — have tongues specifically designed to do this. All drink nectar from flowers using only their tongues.
In the latest issue of the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
a team describes one species of bat's particularly elaborate nectar-scooping tongue.
Pallas's long-tongued bats live in Central and South America. They're roughly 2 inches long, and they spend their nights going from flower to flower. And each bat has a tongue about twice as long as its head.
"They hover for just a few seconds over the flower corolla, and then they probe their tongue deep into the base of the flower tube and soak up nectar," says Cally Harper, the graduate student in ecology and evolutionary biology at Brown University, who led the study.
The challenge for all nectar feeders, Harper says, is to slurp up as much nectar as possible in the shortest possible time. That's because hovering over each flower takes a lot of energy, and to get enough food, the nectar slurpers have to visit many flowers in a single night.
Nature has come up with a variety of tongue designs, Harper says. "Hummingbirds have these bifurcated tongues that almost act like tweezers to tweeze up small droplets of liquid. And for butterflies, their tongues function almost like straws, where they have little pores at the tip of their tongue, where the nectar flows through those pores through the tube of that tongue."
Harper wanted to know how the Pallas's long-tongued bats scooped up sweet liquid. So she and her boss,
Beth Brainerd, a specialist in biomechanics and evolutionary morphology, decided to film them in the laboratory, using a high-speed video camera.
The researchers knew the bat tongues were covered with little hairs, so they watched what happened to those hairs as the bats reached out for food.
When the tongue is inside the bat's mouth, they found, the hairs lie flat on the tongue's surface.
"And then very close to when the tongue is maximally extended, these hairs become erect," Harper says. "And when that happens, a space is created between each of the rows of hairs on the tongue tip. And nectar is loaded onto each one of those spaces."
It's like the bat's tongue is working like a mop, Brainerd says. "Not a sponge mop, but a stringy mop."
Brainerd says it turns out that each hair has blood vessels supplying it. When the bat sticks its tongue out to feed, the muscles of the tongue contract, pushing blood into the hair and making it stand on end. "The mechanism is like an active mop that's opening up to make more space for this liquid nectar to be collected," she says.
Other creatures, including bees and cats, have hairs on their tongues, too.
But no other animal is known to use the tongue hairs in quite this way, says
Kurt Schwenk, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Connecticut.
"What made it so cool and exciting is this dynamic attribute they have of popping out when the blood pressure gets high enough," says Schwenk.
He says that the study shows how under-appreciated tongues are.
"When you start looking at tongues in different animal groups, you see this amazing diversity of form and function that I think would shock most people."
And for that matter, Schwenk says even the human tongue is more remarkable than we give it credit for.
"I'd suggest that in the privacy of your own home," Schwenk says, "go into the bathroom and look in the mirror, stick your tongue out and start examining the incredible movements you can make with your tongue."
The human tongue may not be great for slurping up liquids, but it is perfect for the foods we eat and all the languages we speak.
Transcript
STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:
OK. So imagine this. It's a hot day. Someone offers you a cold lemonade. But there's one condition. You can drink it only using your tongue. No lips touching the glass, no straw. It's what bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds do when they slurp nectar from flowers. And now scientists have discovered a species of bat whose tongue is also a particularly fancy nectar scoop. NPR's Rhitu Chatterjee reports.
RHITU CHATTERJEE, BYLINE: The bats live in Central and South America. They're roughly two inches long and they spend their nights going from flower to flower.
CALLY HARPER: They hover for just a few seconds in font of the flower corolla and then they probe their tongue deep into the base of the flower tube and soak up nectar.
CHATTERJEE: Cally Harper, is at Brown University and an author of the new study. She says when the bat sticks its tongue out, that tongue is about twice the length of the animal's head.
HARPER: It's common name is the Pallas long-tongued bat.
CHATTERJEE: Now the challenge for all nectar feeders is to slurp up as much nectar as possible in the shortest possible time. That's because hovering over each flower takes a lot of energy. And to get enough food they have to visit many flowers in a single night. Harper says nature has come up with a variety of tongue designs.
HARPER: Hummingbirds have these bifurcated tongues that almost act like tweezers to tweeze up small droplets of liquid. And for butterflies, their tongues actually function more like straws, where they have little pores at the tip of their tongue where the nectar flows through those pores and then up the tube of the tongue.
CHATTERJEE: Harper wanted to know how the Pallas long-tongued bats did it and decided to film them in the laboratory using a high speed video camera. She knew their tongues were covered with little hairs. So she watched what happened to those hairs as the bats reached out for food.
HARPER: And then very close to when the tongue is maximally extended, these hairs become erect. And when that happens, a space is created between each of the rows of hairs on the tongue tip. And the nectar is loaded onto each one of those spaces.
CHATTERJEE: It's like the bat's tongue is working like a mop.
BETH BRAINERD: Not a sponge mop, but a stringy mop.
CHATTERJEE: Beth Brainerd of Brown University co-authored the study. She says it turns out blood pumping into the hairs makes them stand on end.
BRAINERD: The mechanism is like an active mop that's opening up and making more space for this liquid nectar to be collected.
CHATTERJEE: Now, bees and even cats have hairs on their tongues. But Kurt Schwenk, who's an evolutionary biologist at the University of Connecticut, says he's never seen tongue hairs used in this way.
KURT SCHWENK: What made it so cool and so exciting is this dynamic attribute they have of popping out when the blood pressure gets high enough.
CHATTERJEE: He says that the study, published in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows how under-appreciated tongues are as an organ.
SCHWENK: When you start looking at tongues in different animal groups, you start seeing this amazing diversity of form and function that I think would shock most people.
CHATTERJEE: And for that matter, Schwenck says even the human tongue is more remarkable than we give it credit for.
SCHWENK: I'd suggest that people in the privacy of your own home look in the mirror and stick your tongue out and start examining the incredible movements you can make with your tongue.
CHATTERJEE: Not so great for slurping up lemonade without a straw maybe but perfect for the kinds of food we eat, and of course, all the languages we speak. Rhitu Chatterjee, NPR news.
